Apush Chapter 26 Review Packet Answers Part a

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Affiliate 26: The Great Due west and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896

The Disharmonism of Cultures on the Plains
1. Native Americans numbered about 360,000 in 1860 scattered throughout trans-Missouri West
  1. The Indians stood in the path of the advancing white pioneers (threatened bison population)
  2. The Cheyenne and Sioux on horses transformed themselves into nomadic traders and hunters
  3. White intruders spread cholera, typhoid, and smallpox among the native peoples of the plains
2. The federal authorities tried to pacify the Plains Indians (competition for hunting grounds)
3. Treaties signed at Fort Laramie and Fort Atkinson marked the reservation system in the West
  1. They established boundaries for the territory for each of the tribes ("colonies of the north")
  2. Native Americans really lived in scattered bands recognizing no authority outside
  3. The federal government intensified this policy and herded the Indians into still smaller confines
  4. Indians surrendered their land only when they received promises that they would be left alone
4. In the 1860s tearing warfare betwixt the Indians and U.Southward. Army raged in the West
Receding Native Population
1. The Indian wars in the W were ofttimes savage clashes (cruelty begot cruelty)
  1. Colonel Chivington's militia massacred Indians at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864
  2. In 1866 a Sioux war party attempted to block construction of the Bozeman Trail
  3. They ambushed Fetterman'southward control and the Indians left not a single survivor
2. In the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) the government abased the Bozeman Trail and the "Neat Sioux reservation" was guaranteed to the Sioux tribes
3. Custer constitute gold in Due south Dakota but the Plains Indians massacred his militia
4. Primary Joseph finally surrendered after leading his ring of Nez Perce Indians for ane,700 miles
5. Fierce Apache tribes of AZ and NM were the nigh hard to subdue
  1. Led past Geronimo, they were pursued into Mexico by federal troops (finally captured)
6. The relentless fire-and-sword policy of the whites shattered the spirit of the Indians
7. The Native Americans were ghettoized on reservations—they were and then largely ignored
8. The taming of the Indians was past the railroad, white people's diseases, and no more buffalo
Bellowing Herds of Bison
1. The buffalo were the staff of life for Native Americans—for nutrient, tools, wearable, etc
2. With the building of the railroad, the massacre of the herds began in mortiferous earnest
3. Creatures were slain for hides, pick cuts, or even for sheer amusement
4. By 1885, only most a thousand buffalo were live in the Westward
The Stop of the Trail
1. By the 1880s the national censor began to stir uneasily over the plight of the Indians
  1. MA writer Helen Hunt Jackson inspired sympathy for Indians (A Century of Dishonor,Ramona)
  2. Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and persuade them to take up white man's life
2. Hard-liners insisted on the electric current policy of forced containment and brutal penalty
3. Neither side showed much respect for the Native American culture (Sun dance, Ghost Dance)
4. The movement to reform Indian policy was the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
  1. The act dissolved many tribes every bit legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of country and set up individual Indian family unit heads—full citizenship was granted to all Indians in 1924
  2. In the 1890s the government expanded its network of Indian boarding schools and sent "field matrons" to the reservations to teach Native American women sewing and virtues
  3. The Dawes Act struck directly at tribal arrangement; was the cornerstone of Indian policy
  4. Nether these federal policies, the Indian population started to mount slowly
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
1. Conquest of the Indians and coming of the railroad were god-sends for the mining frontier
  1. The golden gravel of California connected to yield "pay dirt" and Colorado had its discovery
  2. People poured into Nevada in 1859 later on Comstock Lode had been uncovered—aureate and argent
2. Boomtowns sprouted form the desert sands like magic and disappeared quickly
3. Once the loose surface gilded was gobbled up, ore-breaking machinery was imported
  1. The operation could exist undertaken just by corporations (pooled wealth of stockholders)
  2. The age of large business came to the mining manufacture—attracted population and wealth
4. Women and men constitute opportunity and won a kind of equality on the frontier that earned them the vote in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and "Idaho before the beginning of the 20^th century
5. The outpouring of silver and gilt enabled the Treasury to agree upward the credit
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Bulldoze
1. With transcontinental railroads, cattle could non be shipped to stockyards, under "beef barons"
  1. Texas cowboys collection herds slowly over the plains until they reached markets (Long Drive)
2. Overexpansion and overgrazing turned cowboy into plowboys
  1. Breeders learned to fence their ranches, produce fewer animals, and organize
The Farmer's Frontier
1. The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to larn as much as 160 acres of country by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of almost $30
  1. Many more families purchased their state from the railroads, state companies, or states
  2. The Homestead Act was quite the hoax—much of the 160 acres was in rain-scarce Great Plains
  3. The railways played a major role in developing the agricultural West (marketing of crops)
  4. Prairies were generally treeless and the bear on sod had been packed in (causeless to be sterile)
    1. But once the soil was cleaved up, the world proved astonishingly fruitful
2. The 100^th pinnacle running through the Dakotas to Texas separated two climatologically regions; a well-watered area to the eastward and a semiarid area to the west of the line
3. In the wake of droughts, the new technique of "dry farming" too root on the plains
  1. The method consisted of frequent shallow tillage supposedly adjusted to the arid West
  2. Tough strains of wheat, resistant to cold and drought, were imported from Russian federation
4. Federally financed irrigation projects caused the Great American Desert to bloom
The Far Due west Comes of Age
1. The Great West experienced a fantastic growth in population from the 1870s to the 1890s
2. New Western states joined the Marriage; CO, ND, SD, MT, WA, ID, WY, UT (Republican votes)
3. The federal government made available the fertile plains of Oklahoma Territory
  1. Oklahoma boasted 60,000 inhabitants in 1 year and became the Sooner State in 1907
The Fading Frontier
1. In 1890, the census appear that a frontier line was no longer discernible in America
  1. Jackson Turner'sThe Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893)
  2. The government set aside state for national parks: Yellowstone (1872) and Yosemite (1890)
  3. Americans had been notorious for their mobility; land was often the most profitable crop
  4. Much has been said about the frontier as a "rubber valve" (possibility of westward expansion)
    1. Western cities were the real safety valves (people found ways to seek their fortunes)
2. In the trans-Mississippi West, the Native Americans fabricated their concluding desperate struggled against colonization and there well-nigh Native Americans live today—Pacific to Asia
The Subcontract Becomes a Factory
1. American farmers had previously raised their ain lives and but high prices persuaded farmers to concentrate on growing single "cash" crops and use profits to buy supplies in the store
  1. Farmers were intimately tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing (twine binder, combine)
  2. Agricultural modernization collection many farmers off the country swelling ranks of industrial workers
  3. The subcontract was attaining the status of a factory—an outdoor grain factory
2. Agriculture was a big business from its earliest days in California's productive Primal Valley
  1. California fruit and vegetable sold at a handsome profit in the rich urban markets of the East with the appearance of the railroad fridge auto in the 1880s
Deflation Dooms the Debtor
1. For farmers, equally long as prices stayed loftier, all went well, just prices skidded in the 1880s
  1. Bankruptcy vicious on lie blight and grain prices depended on the globe market of grain
  2. Low prices and a deflated currency were the primary worries of the farmers—N, Southward, West
    1. The deflationary pinch on the debtor flowed partly from the static money supply
  3. Ruinous rates of interest were charged on mortgages (eastern loan companies)
2. Farm tenancy rather than subcontract buying was spreading fast throughout the nation
Unhappy Farmers
1. Insects ravaged the crops, floods added to the waste of erosion, and expensive fertilizers needed
2. Their land was overassessed, and they paid painful local taxes (high protective tariffs)
3. Farmers were at mercy of the harvester trust, all of which could control output and raise prices
4. The railroad octopus had grain growers in its grip—high freight rates
5. Farmers still made up nearly half of the population in 1890—non organized at all
  1. They did manage to organize a awe-inspiring political uprising
The Farmers Take Their Stand
1. Prices sagged in 1868, and a host of farmers unsuccessfully sought relief past demanding inflation
2. The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange, 1867) led by Oliver H. Kelley
3. Kelley wanted to enhance lives of isolated farmers through social, education, fraternal activities
4. Kelley found that farmers were receptive to passwords, rituals, and hierarchy
5. Grangers raised their goals from self-improvement to comeback of farmer's commonage plight
6. Grangers also went into politics (regulate railroads through country legislation)
7. Granger Laws—public control of individual business organisation for general welfare (bitterly attacked)
8. Following theWabash decision of 1886, the Grangers' influence faded
9. Farmer's grievances found a vent in the Greenback Labor Political party (1878, also elected Weaver)
Prelude to Populism
1. Manifestation of rural discontent came through the Farmers' Brotherhood founded in TX, 1870s
2. The farmers wanted to break the grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative
3. The Brotherhood weakened by ignoring the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers
4. In the 1880s a Colored Farmers' National Alliance emerged to attract black farmers
5. Out of the Farmers' Alliances a new political political party—the People's Party AKA Populists
6. They called for nationalizing of railroads, instituting an increasing income taxation, creating a new federal "subtreaty" for the farmers, and free and unlimited coinage of silverish (inflation)
7. William Hope Harvey'sMoney's Financial School (argent)
8. The queen of the Populists was Mary East. Charter known as the "Kansas Pythoness"
9. In 1892, the Populists jolted the traditional parties be polling more than than one million votes
Coxey'south Ground forces and the Pullman Strike
1. The panic and depression of 1893 strengthened the Populists' argument that farmers and laborers alike were being victimized by an oppressive economic and political system
2. Ragged armies of the unemployed began marching to protest their plight
3. Jacob Coxey prepare out for Washington in 1894 to need regime salve unemployment
4. Full general Coxey and his lieutenants were arrested for walking on the grass
5. The Pullman strike of 1894 in Chicago was headed by Eugene Debs (American Railway Union)
6. Workers finally struck the Pullman Palace Machine Company (lower wages, same hire)
7. The American Federation of Labor declined to back up the Pullman strikers ("respectability")
8. U.Southward. Attorney General Richard Olney called for dispatch of federal troops and his legal grounds were that the strikers were interfering with the transit of the U.S. mail
9. Federal troops crushed the Pullman strike and Debs was sentenced to prison for 6 months
10. This was the beginning time that such a legal weapon had been used by Washington to pause a strike
Golden McKinley and Argent Bryan
1. Monetary policy loomed every bit the issue on which the election of 1896 would turn
2. William McKinley of Ohio (R) supported by Marcus Hanna (believed gov't should aid business concern)
3. Republicans had the coin of Hannah and leaned toward hard-coin policies (support tariff)
4. Cleveland was the most unpopular man in the country (more like a Republican)
5. William Jennings Bryan's Cross of Gilded speech got him nominated for the Democrats
6. The platform demand inflation through unlimited coinage of argent
7. Autonomous "Gold Bugs" unable to swallow Bryan bolted their political party over the silver issue
8. With the ratio of 16 oz Ag to 1 oz Au, most Populists decided to vote for the Bryan
Form Conflict: Plowholders Versus Bondholders
1. William Jennings Bryan swept through 27 states and made nearly 600 speeches (even East)
2. Gratuitous silver became almost as much a religious as a financial issue (silver cure people in debt)
3. Bryan created panic among eastern conservatives with his threat of converting holdings lower
4. Hanna shook trusts and plutocrats and piled up enormous campaign coin ($16 million)
5. Fear was Hanna's strongest ally, every bit it was Bryan'due south worst enemy
6. McKinley triumphed decisively taking the populous Eastward and the Presidency
7. The results demonstrated Bryan's lack of appeal to unmortagaged farmer and eastern laborer
8. The result was a resounding victory for big business, the big cities, heart-course values, and financial conservatism—last attempt to win White House with mostly agrarian votes
9. Time to come of presidential politics lay in the cities with their growing populations
10. The smashing Republican victory of 1896 heralded a Republican grip on the White Firm for sixteen consecutive years—long reign accompanied by diminishing voter participation, the weakening of party organizations, and fading away of problems similar money and civil service reform
11. Business for industrial regulation and the welfare of labor (political era—fourth party organization)
Republican Stand up-pattism Enthroned
1. McKinley's cautious, bourgeois nature caused him to shy away from banner of reform
2. The tariff event forced itself to the fore—the Wilson-Gorman law did not raise enough acquirement
3. Dingley Tariff Nib of 1897 proposed new higher rates and finally with additions was at 46.five%
4. Prosperity began to return with a blitz in 1897; the Gilt Standard Deed of 1900 provided that the paper currency be redeemed freely in gold (over concluding-ditch silverite opposition)
5. Discoveries of new gilded deposits brought huge quantities of fold onto globe markets, as did the perfection of the cheap cyanide process for extracting gold for low-grade ore
6. Moderate inflation took care of the currency needs

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Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Affiliate 26: The Great Westward and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896" StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, LLC., 17 Nov. 2012. Spider web. 21 Apr. 2022. <https://www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/outlines/chapter-26-the-swell-west-and-the-agronomical-revolution-1865-1896/>.

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Apush Chapter 26 Review Packet Answers Part a

Affiliate 26: The Great Due west and the Agricultural Revolution, 1865-1896

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